The term public art can conjure images of historic bronze statues of soldiers in a city park but today it refers to a wide range of artwork displayed in public spaces that are open and accessible to the public. It may be temporary or permanent and can be in any medium – from sculpture, monuments and memorials to integrated architectural or landscape architecture work, murals, community art projects and even digital new media.
Public art is a powerful civic tool that helps to engage the public and reflect contemporary cultural issues, challenges and trends. It can be used to celebrate local history and culture, encourage pride in a place and serve as a catalyst for economic development.
Traditionally, the majority of public art has been made up of monumental sculptures and memorials. This is because these types of artwork are designed to remain in position for long periods – often decades or centuries – and as such they must be created from durable materials that can withstand extreme weather conditions, climate change and abrasion. The stone faces of Mount Rushmore in the US or the Rodina Mat, or Motherland statue, that commemorates millions of Soviet war dead are examples of such memorials.
More recently, a trend has emerged towards artists exploring the human form and how it interacts with space. Antony Gormley, winner of the 1994 Turner Prize, is a well-known example of such an artist. His large-scale sculptural works explore themes of existence and identity, using the human body as a means of engagement with the broader environment.
One of the most difficult aspects of creating public art, particularly memorials and monuments, is navigating the complexities of the cultural context in which it is placed. This can be especially challenging when the work is meant to commemorate a tragic event or historical figure. The controversial bronze sculpture Angel of the North in Gateshead, England, is a prime example. Despite its popularity, the work sparked controversy when it was installed in 1998 because it has been interpreted as an allegory for neoliberalism.
Another significant challenge in creating public art, particularly memorials and monuments, lies in the need to consider the logistical and financial implications of the project. The cost of an artwork can be a stumbling block for many communities, particularly when it is an expensive piece of contemporary art. The costs of a public artwork can also be a consideration for governments when commissioning new works.
The majority of public art is large in scale, as artists must account for the expansive nature of most public spaces. This is because open parks, tall buildings and large trees can visually dwarf an artwork. It is also common for public art to be figurative as it allows the viewer to relate to and engage with the artwork on a more personal level.
The Fourth Plinth, a public arts program located in London, England, is renowned for hosting innovative and provocative new media and performance works. This type of work tends to have a more political focus and seeks to address current social and cultural concerns. The controversies that surround these works highlight the important role that public art plays in engaging the public and reflecting contemporary society.