From a legally commissioned statue in a town square to a slap dash stencil spray-painted guerrilla style at midnight on a storefront, public art frequently engages with audiences outside of the walls of galleries and museums. It takes on the challenge of democratising culture, instigates engagement and dialogue with communities, and encourages participation that would otherwise not have occurred. Public Art can be permanent or temporary, and can take any form – from sculptures to performances to interactive installations.
Often, the public art projects that make the most headlines are those with social significance and deep emotional resonance. For example, Jeff Koons’ Bouquet of Tulips was a commission to commemorate the 2015 Paris terror attacks, and the artwork sought to represent remembrance, hope and healing. However, the project highlighted several challenges particular to the creation of public art – such as the need for clear communication and careful consideration of the complex, emotive nature of some of society’s most traumatic events.
Other examples of public artworks that have sparked conversation or controversy are the installation of Yinka Shonibare’s Nelson’s Ship in a Bottle, a scale replica of HMS Victory with sails made from African textile patterns and David Shrigley’s Really Good, a 23-ft bronze sculpture of a hand in a thumbs-up gesture with the thumb greatly elongated. These projects demonstrate the complexities involved in creating work for public spaces, where the artists are often faced with challenges of access, visibility and maintenance.
In addition to the logistical issues that come with creating an artwork for a public space, there are the more abstract factors that can affect how well a piece resonates with a community. In the case of permanent public artworks, a project will usually require an extensive consultation process and lengthy planning. The site must be suitable, and a budget must be provided to help with the design, fabrication and installation of the piece, as well as the ongoing costs for its maintenance.
While the timeline for a public art project can vary, a large part of the success of a project hinges on the level of community interest and involvement, as well as the support from the local government and any other sources of funding. These may include private and grant funds, as well as Percent for Art ordinances if the artwork is a part of a major capital project that is financed through this funding.
In addition to providing a platform for debate and discussion, public art can transform the urban landscape and add to the overall character of a city or neighborhood. From the whimsical to the monumental, a sense of joy and beauty can be added to a neighbourhood that might otherwise feel grey and uninspiring, especially in areas where there is limited greenery or decorative architectural features. Public art also has a strong economic impact, as it can attract tourists and visitors to the area, helping local businesses. The positive effects of public art can even extend to neighbouring cities and towns.