Artworks are visual expressions of the creativity, insight, inspiration, and technical mastery of their artists. They often evoke emotion, and some even make the hairs on the back of the neck stand up. Whether a painting, sculpture or embroidered seat cover, artworks come in a variety of forms and styles. In a general sense, they can also refer to bodies of work, such as an artist’s entire oeuvre or a collection of paintings by one artist.
The definition of artworks is a complex issue that reflects a wide range of opinions and ideas. For example, some definitions connect artworks mainly with aesthetic properties, while others focus on the purpose of art. Still others take a social and cultural perspective on the nature of art, while others emphasize the spiritual and psychological effects of the works. In addition, the meaning of an artwork can change over time and from culture to culture.
A common view is that an artwork must be designed with a clear intention. This is sometimes referred to as the “intended function” or “functionalist” definition of an artwork. It is based on the assumption that an artwork should serve a certain function, such as providing aesthetic enjoyment or conveying information about a particular subject matter. This view has been criticized for lacking a concrete explanation of what makes something an artwork, but it has also been defended as being necessary for the preservation and evaluation of art.
In contrast, more traditional definitions of an artwork focus on the qualities that give it a special significance or importance. These definitions include both formal and expressive properties, as well as a basic human instinct for balance and harmony (beauty). Other essential characteristics are the ability to inspire awe and reverence, and the capacity to communicate an aspect of reality beyond mere utility.
Another way to think about an artwork is in terms of its historical connections. In this view, the meaning of an artwork is shaped by the way it is perceived by its audience over time. An artwork is said to have cultural resonance if it has been historically associated with a given culture or period of history. For example, the 1857 painting The Gleaners by Jean-François Millet is considered to be a work of art because it portrays peasant women working in a field and was seen as having a positive effect on French society.
In modern times, the definition of an artwork has expanded to include more ephemeral creations, such as the products of environmental design or theater and musical performances. Physical objects that do not meet conventional artistic conventions, such as some Dada and Neo-Dada conceptual and readymade works, have also been included as an art form in recent decades. In addition, some sculptural models and architectural renderings can be considered to be artworks, depending on their intentions and execution. Lastly, artworks can also be intangible, such as concepts, ideas, and expressions. In the 21st century, pop and street art have further reshaped the definition of an artwork.