An artwork is a real-world object that is created with the intention of conveying meaning and/or provoking an emotional response in its viewer. It may contain figurative images, abstract concepts or a combination of both. Artworks can be influenced by a wide variety of factors including: the artist’s intention; cultural and historical influences; the medium in which it is made; its purpose and the audience it is intended for; its technical skill and craftsmanship; and its location or site of creation.
One approach to understanding the nature of artworks is the family-resemblance theory, which claims that something is an artwork if it resembles certain ‘paradigm’ artworks that possess most although not necessarily all of the characteristics that define art. It is therefore not possible to make a definitive list of the characteristics that constitute an artwork, but this approach can provide useful clues to its status as an artistic work.
The way an artwork is organised can help determine its visual balance, harmony and unity. This can be achieved through a variety of means such as alignment and positioning of items; the use of symmetry or asymmetry; repetition; overlapping, clustered or concentrated elements; dispersed or scattered objects; frames within frames; patterned edging; broken borders; and other visual devices that create order, structure, rhythm and/or harmony in an artwork.
Linear mark-making is another key aspect of an artwork. The type of line that is used can communicate a range of things about an artwork, from its intensity (thick, bold, dark and/or heavy) to the degree to which it is structured or controlled by the artist. It can also indicate the level of skill in its execution, whether it is freehand, ruled, mechanical or sketchy. Linear marks can also evoke certain atmospheres, moods, emotions or ideas.
What kind of texture does an artwork have? Is it smooth and glossy, or rough, scratchy, gritty and matte? Does it evoke feelings of tension, anxiety or fear, or are they more gentle and soothing? How is this reflected in the subject matter of the artwork, its narrative or its symbolism?
Are there any recognisable elements in an artwork, and if so, how are they presented (i.e. idealised; realistic; distorted; exaggerated; stylized; simplified; reworked into a new form; hidden; obscured; suggested; or withdrawn)? Do these represent a particular culture, period or region of history?
Does an artwork use symbolic forms to convey deeper, conceptual themes? These might include allegory; iconographic elements; signs; metaphor; irony; and/or satire. Alternatively, the artist might be exploring more personal or emotional themes. Examples might include a portrait of a loved one, a self-portrait or a landscape of a place where the artist has spent time. These could be in the form of paintings, drawings, sculptures, collages or digital or video works. Similarly, the artist might be exploring issues of social or political importance such as poverty, homelessness, war, human rights, environmentalism or religious or philosophical beliefs. The process of creating an artwork is often an emotionally-charged and empowering experience for the artist.